There is no one sign of an eating disorder, however there are red flags. For anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder these can include excessive “fat, weight or calorie talk,” a pattern of eating a limited choice of low-calorie foods, and/or a pattern of intermittent binge eating on calorie-dense foods. People with anorexia nervosa may excessively exercise or excessively stand, pace or fidget. Some individuals with eating disorders may avoid weight gain following meals by inducing vomiting or abusing laxative, diuretic and diet pills. Feeling self-conscious about one’s eating behavior is common. People with eating disorders often avoid social eating settings and eat alone. In avoidant restrictive food intake disorder, excessive concerns with weight and shape are generally absent, but those affected are at risk for malnutrition due to very selective eating. They may avoid eating many foods due to a variety of reasons including low appetite that is not explained by another medical condition, disgust or sensitivity to many foods, or fear of negative consequences from eating most foods, for example excessive fear of gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain.

There is no single cause of an eating disorder. Eating disorders, like several other psychiatric conditions, often cluster in families, and we now recognize that genetic vulnerability plays a significant role in risk for developing an eating disorder. Genes, however, are only part of the story and environment plays a role too, especially in triggering onset of an eating disorder, often in adolescence or young adulthood. Pressure to diet, or weight loss related to a medical condition or life stressor, can be the gateway to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Losing those first five to 10 pounds, in someone who is genetically vulnerable, seems to make further dieting increasingly compelling and rewarding. In some, the starved state can then over time lead to binge eating. And once an eating disorder is established, consequences of restricting, bingeing or purging play an increasing role in sustaining the disorder through alterations in the body’s controls of sensations of hunger and fullness, changes in the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, and altered learning, habit and decision making around what and when to eat.

Treatment for an eating disorder is challenging. It involves interrupting behaviors that have become driven and compelling, and overcoming anxiety about doing so. Recovery takes a team, which includes family, friends and other social supports, as well as medical and mental health professionals. Be empathic, but clear. List signs or changes in behavior you have noticed and are concerned about. Help locate a treatment provider and offer to go with your friend or relative to an evaluation. Be prepared that the affected individual may be uncertain or ambivalent about seeking treatment. Treatment is effective, many are able to achieve full recovery and the vast majority will improve with expert care. Treatment assists those affected with an eating disorder to change what they do. It helps them normalize unhealthy eating and weight control behaviors and challenge the irrational thoughts that sustain them. Food is central to many social activities and the practice of eating meals with supportive friends and family is an important step in recovery.

Eating disorders do not discriminate and can affect individuals of any age and any gender. Although they are most common in younger women, it is not unusual for older women to have an eating disorder. Some have had one all their life, others were only mildly affected until some life event triggers clinical worsening – a stressor, physical illness, or co-occurring psychiatric illness, such as depression or anxiety. Evidence strongly suggests that anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality traits increase individual vulnerability to an eating disorder. Eating disorders occur in men and in transgender individuals too. An estimated 10 percent of people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia and a third or more of people with binge eating disorder are male. Avoidant restrictive eating disorder appears to be more common in males than in females.

Overeating on occasion, or at festive events such as Thanksgiving, is normal. By contrast, binge eating is the frequent consumption of a large amount of food associated with a sense of loss of control over eating. Bingeing is usually secretive and accompanied by feelings of embarrassment, shame, depression and guilt over the behavior. It often includes eating rapidly, until uncomfortably full, or when not hungry. Food addiction is a controversial term used by some researchers to describe parallels between the difficulties some people experience in limiting eating and substance addiction. Unlike in addiction however, where an individual is addicted to one particular class of drug, it is difficult to identify one food that underlies “food addiction.” Similarly, the withdrawal syndrome caused by dependence on a drug of abuse is hard to demonstrate in overeaters. Despite the similarities between eating disorders and substance abuse, and evidence of the involvement of brain reward circuits in both conditions, the neurobiology of binge eating and of drug addiction are not the same.

Research on eating disorders is progressing rapidly. It is now clear that eating disorders are biologically based illnesses, not simple lifestyle choices. Recent genetic work has focused on identifying genes that increase risk for an eating disorder and on epigenetic gene-environment interactions that may contribute to the onset of an eating disorder. Brain imaging research is examining altered decision making around food choice and reward learning in individuals with eating disorders. Other lines of research focus on improving insight into how starvation, exercise and binge purge behaviors dysregulate brain reward circuits and gut-brain signaling, and whether these changes contribute to the driven, compulsive nature of eating and weight control behaviors. This is exciting work that holds promise for developing novel treatments in the coming years.

The most effective current treatments are behavioral interventions that focus on helping individuals with an eating disorder normalize their eating and weight control behaviors. For adolescents with anorexia nervosa, family-based treatment has the best evidence. The focus of effective family-based therapies is on helping parents to support and monitor their child’s meals. For severely ill patients at very low weight, and for many adult patients who are unable to gain weight in outpatient treatment, admission to a specialized residential or hospital-based treatment program can be lifesaving. The most consistent indicator of relapse after intensive treatment is incomplete weight restoration, so reaching a healthy weight is necessary for recovery from anorexia nervosa. Evidence now suggests that weight gain rates of three to four pounds a week are safe even for very malnourished patients under close medical monitoring and 24-hour nursing care. Some programs utilize feeding tubes. However, many behavioral specialty programs are able to achieve weight gain of four pounds a week with meal-based feeding alone in the majority of cases. Close outpatient follow up care following hospitalization is important as relapse risk is elevated for six months following inpatient treatment.

For bulimia nervosa, cognitive behavioral therapy is the most successful outpatient treatment approach. Binge eating disorder also responds to cognitive behavioral interventions. Interpersonal therapy is also effective in both bulimia and in binge eating disorder. Some medications may be useful along with these therapies. Data on treatment interventions for avoidant restrictive food intake disorder is limited, as this disorder was only recently defined, however, it appears that behaviorally oriented treatment approaches are also effective for this condition in many cases.

In general, one of the most important emerging predictors of treatment success for eating disorders across diagnoses is early behavior change. Even in individuals who are initially highly ambivalent about entering treatment, and demoralized by their illness, motivation often increases as they start experiencing progress in controlling their disorder and recognize recovery is within reach.

With the advent of two federal laws (the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) and the Affordable Care Act (ACA)) more individuals are now eligible for coverage of treatment for eating disorders. The ACA prohibits insurance from denying coverage for a pre-existing condition and provides for coverage for young adults up to age 26 under their parents’ insurance. This is important as many individuals develop an eating disorder in their teens or early adulthood.

The problem, however, is that inpatient or residential treatment for severe anorexia nervosa, which typically achieves rates of weight gain on the order of 2-4 pounds/week, may require weeks or sometimes months of treatment for severely undernourished individuals to reach a healthy weight. Treatment must also focus on helping patients normalize food choice, eating and weight control behaviors and should address the treatment of co-occurring conditions. The criteria set by insurance companies to assess medical necessity for ongoing hospitalization or residential care are often stringent. As a result, even when patients qualify for admission, adequate treatment remains difficult to obtain for many, as insurance will often only cover partial weight restoration at a higher level of care. The evidence suggests that only full weight restoration in anorexia nervosa is associated with improved prognosis. Continued outpatient care following the achievement of a normal weight for a minimum of 6-12 months is also important to minimize relapse. For more information on insurance-related questions see the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) and the Eating Disorders Coalition.

Here are some questions that may be relevant to an inpatient or residential admission for treatment of anorexia nervosa.

• What percentage of your patients reach full weight restoration (a normal weight range) before leaving the program? Ideally most patients should be achieving a BMI greater than 19 (or 90% of ideal body weight in the case of adolescents), by discharge.
• What are your average rates of weekly weight gain? Are these published? Weekly rates of gain for underweight patients should be 2-4 pounds/week for inpatient or residential treatment settings.
• Do you employ oral (meal-based) refeeding only? If not, what percentage of patients have a feeding tube placed? Specialized behavioral treatment programs for eating disorders in most cases do not regularly employ feeding tubes. Meal-based behavioral interventions should focus on helping patients manage their anxiety about eating, broaden the variety and amounts of foods consumed, and eat meals with others across a variety of social settings.
• What types of therapy do you offer? Behavioral approaches that focus on normalizing eating and weight control behaviors and on managing associated thoughts and feelings are most effective. Talk therapies focused more on understanding the “meaning” or “root cause” of the eating disorder, than on targeting behavior change, are less likely to impact prognosis.
• How are families involved in treatment? Increasingly, most experts believe that involvement of significant others and caregivers in treatment is an important component of the treatment of eating disorders.
• What are the credentials and training of your staff? A multidisciplinary team should include a range of providers with experience and training in the treatment of eating disorders and associated conditions. Examples of disciplines typically represented on a team include psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, dietitians and counselors.
• What medical services do you provide and how do you manage medical complications or co-occurring psychiatric conditions? Inpatient and residential programs should have either on site, or readily available access to treatment for co-occuring conditions, including medical management of potential complications that may arise as a result of an eating disorder.

Lists of outpatient and inpatient providers are available from the Academy of Eating Disorders and the National Eating Disorders Association.